My Updated Portfolio

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Sherlyn Chia, commonly known as 雪玲老师, has been a Vocal trainer for the last 12 years. She received training as a Vocal Trainer in various countries such as USA and Japan. 

Some of her training includes Shenandoah Conservatory - Vocal Pedagogy Institute for Contemporary Commercial Music (Shenandoah University USA), Dr Peak Woo (New York otolaryngologist specializing in laryngology (voice and throat disorders), Dr Wendy DeLeo LeBorgne (Ph.D., CCC-SLP. Clinical Director. Singing Voice Specialist & Voice Pathologist),  Lawrence Goldberg (Musical Director for Cats, The Producers, Les Miserables, Thoroughly Modern Millie, Sunset Boulevard, The Phantom of the Opera, Carousel and Chess), Brett Manning (USA), Jeannie LoVetri (USA),  Michiko Yoshida (Japan), and various voice trainers for more than 14 years.  

The certifications that Sherlyn has attained includes Level III instructor for Somatic Voicework™ The LoVetri Method, London College of Music (Pop vocals), Trinity Guildhall (Classical and Musical Theatre Vocals) and is registered with the Ministry of Education as a certified Arts and Music Instructor. She is currently pursuing her Fellowship Diploma with LCM. 

Sherlyn was formally the regional vocal coach for Ocean Butterflies and has hand-crafted the successful training syllabus for Music Forest Singapore 海蝶森林 , Malaysia 海螺森林 and Beijing 北京森林, as well as training up the main vocal coaches for the schools in Singapore, Malaysia and China. Her syllabus has helped to train up many great singers from the various countries. 

In her 12 years of coaching, Sherlyn has also personally trained many artistes and singers from the different countries such as Taiwan's 王传一, 陈嘉唯Renee, China's 李冰冰 (lead actress starred with jackie Chan in Forbidden Kingdom), Malaysia's 黄麒铭,  Singapore's successful girl group By2, Indie singer Brandon Lee, Lucas Chia, who sang for the opening of the Youth Olympics, Vocal coaches from music schools (Shirley Chia (Li Fei Hui 音乐教室), Ashton Koh, Ruth Kueo, Jerome Lam (Millet Music) ) and fnalists from Mediacorp Project Superstar/ Superband/Spop such as Chen Diya, Chanel Pang and Miss Singapore finalist Louisa Tay.

She do conduct training for other sectors such as government leaders: MPs (Mr Baey Yam Keng), mayors, Corporate regional directors, Youth-at-risk, Musicals and projects for primary and secondary schools (ACS High, CHIJ, Yew Tee Primary etc), Voice care protection workshops for schools as well as taking on the role of Vocal Director for projects with Nanyang Polytechnic and Singapore Management University.

Under her teaching, students have attained graded certificates from London College of Music, 90% Distinctions and Merits, with 100% passing rate and many of them have gone on to attain their Bachelors in Music and often performed for events and competitions.

As a performer, Sherlyn has performed for numerous events, countries and venues such as Macau Music, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Singapore's Esplanade, Singapore indoor stadium, Singapore Trade fair, Borders cafe etc. She also sang for Beijing Olympic theme song and the National Day Parade as the finale and preview lead singer for Veteran Kit Chan and performed before a number of ministers, including the ambassador of Sweden and the president of South Africa. She has also judged for numerous events, including NTU Impresario and NUS Stardust. 

Sherlyn is also a backup vocalist and has sang in albums/concerts for JJ Lin JunJie 林俊杰, A-Do 阿杜, Freya Lin Fan 林凡, You Kewei 郁可唯, Xiaozhong 小钟, Kangkang 康康, Wu Zong Xian 吴宗宪, Sun Ho etc. 


For all enquires, please contact: sherlyn.vocal@gmail.com

i didn't know that! Issue #40- Female Falsetto

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Female falsetto

The issue of the female falsetto voice has been met with some controversy, especially among vocal pedagogists. Many books on the art of singing completely ignore this issue, simply gloss over it, or insist that women do not have falsetto. This controversy, however, does not exist within the speech pathology community and arguments against the existence of female falsetto do not align with current physiological evidence. 

Motion picture and video studies of laryngeal action reveal that women can and do produce falsetto, andelectromyographic studies by several leading speech pathologists and vocal pedagogists provide further confirmation.

One possible explanation for this failure to recognize the female falsetto is the fact that the difference in timbre and dynamic level between the modal and falsetto registers often is not as pronounced in female voices as it is in male voices. This is due in part to the difference in the length and mass of the vocal folds and to the difference in frequency ranges. It is an established fact that women have a falsetto register and that many young female singers substitute falsetto for the upper portion of the modal voice. 

Some vocal pedagogists believe that this failure to recognize the female falsetto voice has led to the misidentification of young contraltos and mezzo-sopranos as sopranos, as it is easier for these lower voice types to sing in the soprano tessitura using their falsetto register.


Courtesy of Wikipedia

Student - Brandon

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I am happy for my student: Brandon Lee. He got 2nd Runner up for "Youth alive" singing com at Takashimaya Civic Plaza :) Enjoy this song by him:


Children and Music

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ScienceDaily (Mar. 16, 2009) — Children exposed to a multi-year programme of music tuition involving training in increasingly complex rhythmic, tonal, and practical skills display superior cognitive performance in reading skills compared with their non-musically trained peers, according to a study published in the journal Psychology of Music.

According to authors Joseph M Piro and Camilo Ortiz from Long Island University, USA data from this study will help to clarify the role of music study on cognition and shed light on the question of the potential of music to enhance school performance in language and literacy.


Studying children the two US elementary schools, one of which routinely trained children in music and one that did not, Piro and Ortiz aimed to investigate the hypothesis that children who have received keyboard instruction as part of a music curriculum increasing in difficulty over successive years would demonstrate significantly better performance on measures of vocabulary and verbal sequencing than students who did not receive keyboard instruction.

Several studies have reported positive associations between music education and increased abilities in non-musical (eg, linguistic, mathematical, and spatial) domains in children. The authors say there are similarities in the way that individuals interpret music and language and “because neural response to music is a widely distributed system within the brain…. it would not be unreasonable to expect that some processing networks for music and language behaviors, namely reading, located in both hemispheres of the brain would overlap.”

The aim of this study was to look at two specific reading subskills – vocabulary and verbal sequencing – which, according to the authors, are “are cornerstone components in the continuum of literacy development and a window into the subsequent successful acquisition of proficient reading and language skills such as decoding and reading comprehension.”

Using a quasi-experimental design, the investigators selected second-grade children from two school sites located in the same geographic vicinity and with similar demographic characteristics, to ensure the two groups of children were as similar as possible apart from their music experience.

Children in the intervention school (n=46) studied piano formally for a period of three consecutive years as part of a comprehensive instructional intervention program. Children attending the control school (n=57) received no formal musical training on any musical instrument and had never taken music lessons as part of their general school curriculum or in private study. Both schools followed comprehensive balanced literacy programmes that integrate skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening.

All participants were individually tested to assess their reading skills at the start and close of a standard 10-month school year using the Structure of Intellect (SOI) measure.

Results analyzed at the end of the year showed that the music-learning group had significantly better vocabulary and verbal sequencing scores than did the non-music-learning control group. This finding, conclude the authors, provides evidence to support the increasingly common practice of “educators incorporating a variety of approaches, including music, in their teaching practice in continuing efforts to improve reading achievement in children”.

However, further interpretation of the results revealed some complexity within the overall outcomes. An interesting observation was that when the study began, the music-learning group had already experienced two years of piano lessons yet their reading scores were nearly identical to the control group at the start of the experiment.

So, ask the authors, “If the children receiving piano instruction already had two years of music involvement, why did they not significantly outscore the musically naïve students on both measures at the outset?” Addressing previous findings showing that music instruction has been demonstrated to exert cortical changes in certain cognitive areas such as spatial-temporal performance fairly quickly, Piro and Ortiz propose three factors to explain the lack of evidence of early benefit for music in the present study.

First, children were tested for their baseline reading skills at the beginning of the school year, after an extended holiday period. Perhaps the absence of any music instruction during a lengthy summer recess may have reversed any earlier temporary cortical reorganization experienced by students in the music group, a finding reported in other related research. Another explanation could be that the duration of music study required to improve reading and associated skills is fairly long, so the initial two years were not sufficient.

A third explanation involves the specific developmental time period during which children were receiving the tuition. During the course of their third year of music lessons, the music-learning group was in second grade and approaching the age of seven. There is evidence that there are significant spurts of brain growth and gray matter distribution around this developmental period and, coupled with the increased complexity of the study matter in this year, brain changes that promote reading skills may have been more likely to accrue at this time than in the earlier two years.

“All of this adds a compelling layer of meaning to the experimental outcomes, perhaps signaling that decisions on ‘when’ to teach are at least as important as ‘what’ to teach when probing differential neural pathways and investigating their associative cognitive substrates,” note the authors.

“Study of how music may also assist cognitive development will help education practitioners go beyond the sometimes hazy and ill-defined ‘music makes you smarter’ claims and provide careful and credible instructional approaches that use the rich and complex conceptual structure of music and its transfer to other cognitive areas,” they conclude


Courtesy of Science Daily

The passing away of a great vocal coach - Shirlee Emmons

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There was a memorial tribute to Shirlee Emmons, "A Musical Remembrance," on Aug. 14, 2010, at 1:00PM, at Trinity Church, Broadway at Wall Street, New York City.



Shirlee Emmons passed away on April 16, 2010. She will be deeply missed by all whose lives she touched.




I still remember when I first picked up her book- Power Performance for singers. It challenged me to broaden my understanding of voice training; to look beyond the extraordinary and usual methods of teaching. My teaching methods have since then evolved till what it is today; and is still being improved upon - all based upon the teachings of Shirlee Emmons.

Her books are still constantly being referred to when I write and revise syllabus or when I have difficult teaching situations. Shirlee Emmons has blessed so many with her teachings, she is an inspiration to me and to many others.

About Shirlee Emmons:





Lauritz Melchior and Shirlee Emmons

Shirlee Emmons maintained a private studio in New York after teaching for 35 years on the faculties of Columbia University/Barnard College, Princeton University, Boston University, and Rutgers University.

She was the author of five books:The Art of the Song Recital; Tristanissimo: the Authorized Biography of Heroic Tenor Lauritz Melchior; Power Performance for Singers; Researching the Song, and Prescriptions for Choral Excellence.

Her workshops and master classes were presented in thirty-four of the US states, in Korea, and Canada. Emmons’ singing career commenced with winning the Marian Anderson Award, followed by a lengthy national tour with Lauritz Melchior, US and Canadian concert and opera appearances, regular engagements with the major New York City choral organizations, and the award of an Off-Broadway Oscar, the “Obie,” for the leading role in Virgil Thomson’s The Mother of Us All.

She was a past chair of the prestigious American Academy of Teachers of Singing. Her students included Hei-Kyung Hong and Harolyn Blackwell.

I didn't know that! Issue #39- Vocal Expression warmup

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Here are some voice warm-up activities that helps Vocal Expression before we sing.
1. Smile Pucker - Smile with exaggeration, letting your teeth show and drawing the lips as tightly as possible, making your cheek muscles hurt. Say “eeeeeeee.” Then with exaggeration, pucker or protrude your lips, saying “oooooooooo.” Repeat ten times each in quick succession (eeeeeeee-ooooooo). Repeat with “mee-moo,” “tee-too,” “bee-boo,” “gee-goo,” “lee-loo.”
2. Open Wide - Open your mouth as wide as possible. Say “ahhhhh.” Now close your mouth, saying “ooooo.” Repeat “ahhhhhh-ooooooooo” several times, being sure to open your mouth extremely wide.
3. Tongue Tip - Stretch your tongue, trying to touch the tip of your nose. With your tongue, now try to touch your chin. Only one in 1,000 people can actually do either, so don't worry if you can't succeed. The stretch is the important thing. Repeat several times.
4. Tongue Stretch - Curl up your tongue and touch the soft palate at the back of your throat. Now push out your right cheek and then your left cheek as far as you can with your tongue. Repeat.
5. Tongue Twisters - Say quickly - with exaggerated tongue, lip, and jaw movements - several of the following tongue twisters.
  1. Much whirling water makes the mill wheel work well.
  2. Odd birds always gobble green almonds in the autumn.
  3. She makes a proper cup of coffee in a copper coffee pot.
  4. Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.
  5. Shave a cedar shingle thin.
  6. Double bubble gum bubbles double.
  7. Sinful Caesar slipped his snifter, seized his knees and sneezed.
Being an actor on TV, in a video, or singer on stage, isn't easy. You can't be shy, you always have to be aware of the role you're going to play, and you must develop strong skills. The voice is an important communication tool. Treat it well!
* excerpts from Creative Communication Projects in Acting, Speaking and Oral Reading by Fran Averett Tanner

I didn't know that! Issue #38- The Voice Range 2

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Vocal range and voice classification


Vocal range plays such an important role in classifying singing voices into voice types that sometimes the two terms are confused with one another.
- A voice type is a particular kind of human singing voice perceived as having certain identifying qualities or characteristics.

- A vocal range being only one of those characteristics. Other factors are vocal weight, vocal tessitura, vocal timbre, vocal transition points, physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and vocal registration. All of these factors combined are used to categorize a singer's voice into a particular kind of singing voice or voice type.

There are a plethora of different voice types used by vocal pedagogists today in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are sub-types that fall under seven different major voice categories that are for the most part acknowledged across all of the major voice classification systems.

Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. When considering the pre-pubescent voices of children an eighth term, treble, can be applied. Within each of these major categories there are several sub-categories that identify specific vocal qualities like coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.

Vocal range in and of itself can not determine a singer's voice type. While each voice type does have a general vocal range associated with it, human singing voices may possess vocal ranges that encompass more than one voice type or are in between the typical ranges of two voice types. Therefore, voice teachers only use vocal range as one factor in classifying a singer's voice.

More important than range in voice classification is tessitura, or where the voice is most comfortable singing, and vocal timbre, or the characteristic sound of the singing voice.

For example, a female singer may have a vocal range that encompasses the high notes of a mezzo-soprano and the low notes of a soprano. A voice teacher would therefore look to see whether or not the singer were more comfortable singing up higher or singing lower. If the singer were more comfortable singing higher than the teacher would probably classify her as a soprano and if the singer were more comfortable singing lower than they would probably classify her as a mezzo-soprano.

The teacher would also listen to the sound of the voice. Sopranos tend to have a lighter and less rich vocal sound than a mezzo-soprano. A voice teacher, however, would never classify a singer in more than one voice type, regardless of the size of their vocal range.

The following are the general vocal ranges associated with each voice type using scientific pitch notation where middle C=C4. Some singers within these voice types may be able to sing somewhat higher or lower:

Soprano: C4 – C6
Mezzo-soprano: A3 – A5
Contralto: F3 – F5
Tenor: C3 – C5
Baritone: F2 – F4
Bass: E2 – E4

In terms of frequency, human voices are roughly in the range of 80 Hz to 1100 Hz (that is, E2 to C6) for normal male and female voices together.

Courtesy of wikipedia

I didn't know that! Issue #37- The Voice Range 1

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Singing and the definition of vocal range




While the broadest definition of vocal range is simply the span from the lowest to the highest note a particular voice can produce, this broad definition is often not what is meant when "vocal range" is discussed in the context of singing. Vocal pedagogists tend to define the vocal range as the total span of "musically useful" pitches that a singer can produce. This is because some of the notes a voice can produce may not be considered usable by the singer within performance for various reasons.

For example, within opera all singers must project over an orchestra without the aid of a microphone. An opera singer would therefore only be able to include the notes that they are able to adequately project over an orchestra within their vocal range. In contrast, a pop artist could include notes that could be heard with the aid of a microphone.

Another factor to consider is the use of different forms of vocal production. The human voice is capable of producing sounds using different physiological processes within the larynx. These different forms of voice production are known as vocal registers. While the exact number and definition of vocal registers is a controversial topic within the field of singing, the sciences identify only four registers: the whistle register, the falsetto register, the modal register, and the vocal fry register.

Typically, only the usable range of the modal register, the register used in normal speech and most singing, is used when determining vocal range. However, there are some instances where other vocal registers are included.

For example, within opera, countertenors utilize falsetto often and coloratura sopranos utilize the whistle register frequently. These voice types would therefore include the notes from these other registers within their vocal range. Another example would be a male doo-wop singer who might quite regularly deploy his falsetto pitches in performance and thus include them in determining his range. However, in most cases only the usable pitches within the modal register are included when determining a singer's vocal range.

Courtesy of Wikipedia

I didn't know that! Issue #36- Modal Voice

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Modal voice is the vocal register used most frequently in speech and singing in most languages. It is also the term used in linguistics for the most common phonation of vowels. The term "modal" refers to the resonant mode of vocal cords; that is, the optimal combination of airflow and glottal tension that yields maximum vibration.

In linguistics, modal voice is the only phonation found in the vowels and other sonorants (consonants such as m, n, l, and r) of most of the languages of the world, though a significant minority contrast modal voice with other phonations. Among obstruents (consonants such as k, g, ch, j, s, and z), it is very common for languages to contrast modal voice with voicelessness, though in English many supposedly voiced obstruents do not have modal voice in most environments.

In speech pathology, the modal register is one of the four identifiable registers within the human voice, lying above the vocal fry register and overlapping the lower part of the falsetto register. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists, although some vocal pedagogists may view vocal registration differently. In singing, the modal register may also overlap part of the whistle register. A well trained singer or speaker can phonate two octaves or more within the modal register with consistent production, beauty of tone, dynamic variation, and vocal freedom.

The modal register begins and ends in different places within the human voice. The placement of the modal register within the individual human voice is one of the key determining factors in identifying vocal type.

Physiological process of the modal register

In the modal register the length, tension, and mass of the vocal folds are in a state of flux which causes the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds to vary. As pitch rises, the vocal folds increase in length and in tension and their edges become thinner. If a speaker or singer holds any of these three factors constant and interferes with their progressive state of change the laryngeal function of the voice becomes static and eventually breaks occur resulting in obvious changes in vocal quality. While some vocal pedagogists identify these breaks as register boundaries or transition areas between registers, other vocal pedagogists maintain that these breaks are a result of vocal problems caused by a static laryngeal adjustment that does not permit the necessary changes to take place within the modal register.

On the lower pitches in the modal register the vocal cords are thick and wedge-shaped. Because of this thickness, large portions of the opposing surfaces of the vocal cords are brought into contact, and the glottis remains closed for a considerable time in each cycle. The glottis opens from the bottom first before it opens at the top; this imparts a fluid, wavelike motion to the cords. The modal voice has a broad harmonic spectrum, rich in overtones, because of this rolling motion of the cords. It is comparatively loud to the other vocal registers because of the vibratory energy present, but is capable of dynamic variation.

For the lowest tones, only the thyroarytenoid muscles are active, but as the pitch rises, the cricothyroids enter the action, thus beginning to lengthen the folds. As longitudinal tension increases, the glottis tends to develop a gap in the middle. To counteract this tendency, the lateral cricoarytenoids are brought into action, pulling forward on the muscular process of the arytenoids. This process is sometimes referred to as medial compression.

In addition to the stretching of the vocal folds and the increasing tension on them as the pitch rises, the opposing surfaces of the folds which may be brought into contact becomes smaller and smaller as the edges of the folds become thinner. The basic vibratory or phonatory pattern remains the same, with the whole vocal fold still involved in the action, but the vertical excursions are not as large and the rolling motion is not as apparent as it was on the lower pitches of the modal register.


The physical limits of muscular strength of the internal thyroarytenoids or vocalis muscle are being approached. In order to sing or speak above this pitch level the voice must adopt a new phonatory pattern-to change registers.


courtesy of Wikipedia

In memory of Nicole

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Tonight was the show Letter of Heaven on channel 8, in rememberance of Nicole Lai. I still have copies of her anniversary EP with me. Email me if u want one copy.

I didn't know that! Issue #33- Voice size = Body size?

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It's always interesting that whenever we hear a specific voice on the radio, we tend to create a sub-conscious assumption of how the person will appear in real life. We also tend to always associate big and depth voices with larger body-sized singers. However, is that really true?

In the animal kingdom, animals that are smaller are often gifted with a much much louder and stronger voice in order to compensate for the lack of body size to scare away predators.

While the answer to whether there is a relationship between the body size and voice remains a mystery, I found this research paper on the study of the relationship between the human voice, body size and impact of listeners. It is a interesting read.

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/yi/yispapers/Chuenwattanapranithi_etAl_Author_version.pdf

I didn't know that! Issue #32- The human voice

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Interesting excerpts from Anne Karpf’s book, The Human Voice

Consonants [give] meaning to the words and vowels [supply] the emotion … The feelings behind a Shakespeare speech (but not its meaning) can be communicated by pronouncing only the vowels (p. 42)


With the exception of the muscles around the eyes, those of the human larynx have more nerves than any other muscles in the human body, including the hand and face, even though we only use around one-third of their capacity in speaking. Each can produce a different balance of forces in the larynx, generating a different pulse wave and sound quality. They’re our vocal palette: through them we colour our voices with affection, bitterness, pleasure, disgust, etc. (p. 27)


Though complex communication sounds are emitted by a whole range of animals, only three groups of mammals: humans, cetacean (whales and dolphins) and bats, and three groups of birds: parrots, hummingbirds, and songbirds have to learn them. In all the rest they’re innate. (p. 48)


More than half the world’s top 500 companies now outsource … to India, where over 170,000 people work in call centres. They must first complete a spell of ‘accent training’ … [where they learn to] repeat ‘can’t’ with a long ‘a’ after watching Rex Harrison in My Fair Lady. (p. 193)


I didn't know that! Issue #31- 10,000 hour rule

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I recently picked up the book by Malcom Gladwell, The Outliers.

The second chapter in the new book Outliers is titled The 10,000-Hour Rule. Malcolm Gladwell shares his research about people who become the best in their field, after putting in at least 10,000 hours of preparation.

”The closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play.”

Whether it’s Bill Gates, Michael Jordan, the Beatles, Mozart, or Warren Buffet, one can only get to their best after putting in 10,000 hours. If you put in 40 hours a week, that’s 5 years. If you only put in 10 hours a week, it will take 20 years. It’s the sheer hours of work that will set you apart from the rest.

Now, have you started to put in that 10,000 hours? My own personal experience of improvement indeed came after hours and years of sheer practicing for hours and hours everyday. It has indeed shown over my last 10 years of singing.

Understand that you don’t have to be born with extraordinary talent. Just find your passion and put in that 10,000 hours of practice and doing. You’ll surpass those with more natural talent and find success that you have never dreamt of. Nurture surpasses Nature.

Well, the only thing I don't quite agree on is that the book states that music teachers are those who put in less hours; I guess that is only true for those who didn't choose to be teachers but were assigned to be due to the lack of ability to perform professionally. Those who put in 10,000 hours to master their teaching skills; that will be one awesome music teacher. Well, at leas that is my goal.

I didn't know that! Issue #30- Science of vibrato

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From Shirlee Emmons:

Some Science Background on Vibrato, Tremolo, and Wobble

If you are not interested in the scientific studies of vibrato, feel free to skip this section, although reading it will undoubtedly clarify your thinking on the subject.

As long ago as the 1930s, Carl E. Seashore initiated a study of the vibrato. Until only very recently when the issue was raised again, by Ingo R. Titze among others—without conclusions as yet—the results have stood as a hallmark. Seashore’s definition of a vibrato is the traditionally accepted one: “A good vibrato is a pulsation of pitch, usually accompanied by synchronous pulsations of loudness and timbre, of such extent and rate as to give a pleasing flexibility, tenderness, and richness to the tone.” Several important points were revealed in the Seashore study, among which were these, roughly extracted from that study:



1. The vibrato is a fundamental attribute of the artistically effective singing voice.

2. With the exception of trills, and an occasional note, every tone of every artist registers vibrato, whether long or short, gliding or steady, high or low, pianissimo or fortissimo. The upper and lower limits of each vibrato pulse...are always present.

3. Most singers cannot sing a tone that would have any semblance of desirability without using the vibrato.

4. It is this fact--that the vibrato is not heard even by the best musician as it really is--that lies at the bottom of the confusion which has prevailed on this subject.

5. The impression that a vibrato disappears in pianissimo is false. When a vibrato is not detected in pianissimo tones, it is a fault in the ear of the listener. The vibrato is actually present in production.

6. Both the extents and rates of the vibratos of excellent singers are in a continual state of flux.

7. The whole problem of the prominence of the vibrato in a voice revolves around auditory fusion. Probably the fusion of the slower vibrato rates is not as perfect as the fusion of the faster. At the slower rate...the vibrato is less of a unity since it is completely broken...Too fast a rate, such as in a flutter, also attracts attention more than the artistic vibrato rates.

8. Although the vibrato consists of a frequency pulsation in the sound wave, it has only one salient pitch in perception. This perceived pitch is approximately midway between the extremes. There are individual differences. The vibrato that one person hears as in tune may be appear to be out of tune to another person, pitch discrimination being equal.

9. Those who are most critical of the vibrato are generally those with very sharp ears for pitch discrimination. To those, a vibrato that is too slow or too wide is undesirable because the two notes cannot blend into one.

Dr. Friedrich Brodnitz, a leading New York otolaryngologist of the fifties, stated: “A well-trained voice exhibits always a certain amount of vibrato that gives changes, both in pitch and volume. By vibrato we understand small rhythmical changes in pitch and volume. These oscillations are more noticeable in forte than in piano....If the wavering becomes excessive—up to twelve times per second—it is called tremolo.”

Later scientific authorities also do not disagree with Seashore’s earlier findings: Vennard (1971), Large (1971), Shipp and Izdebski (1975), Shipp, Leandersen, and Sundberg (1981), and Hirano (1985) all consider a vibrato of from five to eight regular pulsations per second to be that of a good singer.

They are in agreement that pulsations slower than that (called a wobble) are picked up by the human ear as separate pitches and unpleasant, and that a rate of more than eight pulsations per second is too fast, producing an equally unpleasant sound (called a bleat or tremolo).

The ordinary and extraordinary tasks for which a singer is often responsible present a variety of problems that impinge upon the desired stability of the vibrato.

1. The extent of the vibrato decreases when rapid pitch changes take place. If the vibrato frequency could be matched to the rate of pitch change in an agility passage, this difficulty could be avoided, but the singer must choose his/her tempo with that principle in mind.

2. Jazz singers commonly change from straight tones to a vibrato tone by altering vibrato extent.

3. Sustained, slow moving music accepts more vibrato than fast-moving music.

4. Middle Eastern music asks that the vibrato extent be reduced even further in order to distinguish between melody and vibrato.

5. Whatever we perceive, neither the straight tone nor the vibrato tone is rock-steady, although they are more steady than a tremolo.

6. When pitches vary, intensity and timbre fluctuate greatly.

7. Classical Western singing styles have not always asked for the same type of vibrato; in fact, they have changed in the last century. In Carl Seashore's day (the 30s) faster vibratos were common (6.0-7.0); Caruso's vibrato was near 7.0, whereas Luciano Pavarotti's average frequency is near 5.5 Hz.

8. Some shapes of the vocal tract--consonants--may affect phonation to such a degree that it is difficult to keep a stable phonation. Thus one could expect disruptions in vibrato during a great deal of changing articulation.

9. Since vowels tend to have intrinsic pitch because of the tongue and hyoid bone height, rapid changes of vowels may cause some vibrato frequency instability, even when the singer's intent is to keep the frequency steady.

i didn't know that! Issue #29- Concept of teaching

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Teaching is not about what u know; its about how you lead, guide and develop your students to illumination and intellectual independence. Learn and use your senses, instincts - understand what your rational mind is trying to tell you through unspoken manner.

The hallmark of a good teacher, a good leader is his faith in himself- with that comes confidence and other tools.


Eventually, the best result a teacher can produce is a student who can reach even greater heights, than he himself; ultimately surpassing him.

Rehearsal essentials: No 1

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Rehearsing tip:

Singers may find that they can produce a powerful sound during rehearsal but not during a performance or the reverse may occur. Adrenalin and tension can be a hinderance or a help depending on the character of the singer. In some it boosts the performance whilst others become stressed and try too hard.

When learning or practicing songs with a band it is easy to strain the voice by over singing. If a song is demanding, has difficult notes or requires powerful expression the singer should avoid performing at full belt on every run through. Use a lighter technique, hold back or hum the melody line until the accompanying musicians have a good grasp of the song, then have ONE run through at full efficiency and move on to the next song. You can always go back to the song later in the session, during the next band practice or during a vocal practice. The amount of time spent learning a song decreases in direct relation to the experience and proficiency of the performers. A professional singer who works with competent sight reading musicians is unlikely to require more than one or two rehearsals of a complete set whereas amateurs may need several hours of constant practice before one song is played to a reasonable standard.

Teaching essentials: No 1

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To teach is to learn twice.

Joseph Joubert
French Moralist and Teacher

DXO pics!!

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Here are the pics!!! Starting with my fave one: with my family.. Thanks Mom and Dad for coming!













i didn't know that! Issue# 28- Music teaching

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I know many are keen on music education especially in the area of music teaching, here is a writeup taken from connexions-direct.com :) but do take into the context that this is written in the context of teaching in the UK.


There are three main types of work for music teachers. They can either be:

  • classroom teachers in a primary or secondary school - teaching all aspects of music, planning lessons, setting and marking work, and organising school choirs, orchestras and concerts
  • teachers/lecturers in further or higher education or specialist music colleges, teaching music at all levels, from GCSE and A level, to degrees
  • private or visiting teachers (often known as peripatetic music teachers), giving instrumental, theory or voice tuition to individuals or small groups, and often preparing pupils for music exams.

School music teachers may do extra work, such as tuition, rehearsals and concerts before and after school, or at weekends. They work mainly in classrooms and practice rooms. Private music teachers tend to work evenings and weekends, often in their own or pupils' homes. They may work school hours also, visiting local schools to teach music under an LEA contract.

Salaries for school music teachers may range from £20,627 to £34,768 a year. Private teachers agree their own rates with pupils. The Musicians' Union (MU) and the Incorporated Society of Musicians (ISM) advise members on fee levels, taking into account a teacher's training, skills and experience. These can range from £20 to £50 an hour.

Music teachers should:

  • have a high level of personal musicianship
  • communicate well
  • be able to inspire and motivate pupils
  • be self-disciplined and organised
  • be passionate about music and have a strong desire to teach.

Music teachers work for state and independent schools, colleges and music services all over the UK. There are also opportunities with universities and specialist schools of music. Many private teachers are self-employed.

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of employment. Those wishing to teach in state schools need Qualified Teaching Status (QTS). A postgraduate level qualification is usually required to teach in a music college conservatoire. While a teaching qualification isn't a requirement for private work, a teaching or performance degree or diploma from a recognised music college, conservatoire or awarding body can increase the chances of finding work.

To work with children or vulnerable adults, music teachers would need to undergo checks through the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB).

A mentor supports newly qualified school teachers during their induction year. Private teachers need to keep up to date with examination board syllabuses. The ISM, MU and Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) offer members access to professional development courses, including the Music Teaching in Professional Practice (Mtpp) distance-learning programme.

Experienced music teachers working in schools and further and higher education establishments may progress to subject leader or head of the music department. Some might find work in an advisory capacity as a teacher or LEA inspector. Private and visiting teachers may move into music board examining, performing, composing or directing choirs or orchestras

i didn't know that! - issue #27

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As I have started on my new schedule of teaching and performing, I totally enjoy the new challenge of a brand new routine. Especially now that I have made a comeback in performing, I have soon come to realised that i have a whole list of essentials for every performance that is a must for me; resulting in me bringing a larger bag around:

1. File of lyrics (you never know when u need to sing extra songs)

2. Compact powder, lip gloss, eyelash glue, blusher

3. 500ml bottle of water (with a dash of honey)

4. Fortacold throat lozenges (the ultimate lozenges with manuka honey and propolis; stops all itchy throat)

5. Heels for stage (i go out in flats)

6. Extra dress/top (in case i spill a drink on myself)

7. Bread (for curbing hunger))

8. Ipod player

9. Nail polish (for last min chip)

10. Moisturizer (for cracking skin)

11. Sunglasses

12. Audio cable (in case CD fails to play; just plug in the ipod)

13. Umbrella (v v impt!)

14. Jacket (for cold locations)

Yep... A whole load of things I bring around for performance :) You shd try; this conquers Murphy's law!